In this section, we explore the world of programming, algorithms, networks, and infrastructure
The node:string_decoder module provides a safe and reliable way to decode Buffer objects into strings, especially when dealing with multibyte UTF‑8 or UTF‑16 characters. Unlike buffer.toString(), which may produce corrupted output when characters are split across chunks, StringDecoder preserves incomplete multibyte sequences and completes them only when enough bytes are available.
The node:test module is a built‑in, modern testing framework included directly in Node.js. . It supports synchronous, asynchronous, promise‑based, and callback‑style tests, along with subtests, hooks, mocking, snapshots, coverage, watch mode, and custom reporters. It is stable, powerful, and eliminates the need for external testing libraries for many projects.
The node:tls module provides Node.js with a full implementation of the TLS (Transport Layer Security) and SSL (Secure Socket Layer) protocols, built on top of OpenSSL. It enables encrypted communication, certificate handling, authentication, perfect forward secrecy, ALPN, SNI, PSK, session resumption, and fine‑grained control over cipher suites and security levels. This module is essential for building secure servers, HTTPS services, and encrypted TCP connections.
Node.js provides two powerful low‑level modules for diagnostics and terminal interaction: node:trace_events — a high‑resolution tracing system that captures internal activity from V8, Node.js core, and userland code. It is essential for profiling, performance analysis, and deep debugging. node:tty — a module that exposes TTY (terminal) interfaces, enabling advanced CLI tools, raw input handling, cursor control, color detection, and terminal resizing. This guide explains both modules in a clean, structured, and practical way.
ماژول node:dgram پیادهسازی کامل سوکتهای UDP را در Node.js فراهم میکند. UDP یک پروتکل سبک، بدون اتصال (connectionless) و مناسب برای برنامههای بلادرنگ مانند VoIP، بازیها، IoT، سیستمهای پخش (broadcast) و چندپخشی (multicast) است. این ماژول امکان ساخت سوکت، ارسال و دریافت دیتاگرام، مدیریت TTL، عضویت در گروههای multicast، کنترل بافرها، و مدیریت رفتار سطح پایین شبکه را فراهم میکند.
The node:url module provides tools for parsing, constructing, and manipulating URLs. Node.js supports two URL APIs: WHATWG URL API — modern, browser‑compatible, standards‑based. Legacy Node.js URL API — older, Node‑specific, now discouraged. The WHATWG API is the recommended approach for all modern applications. It provides a clean, consistent interface for working with URL components, query parameters, and structured URL patterns.
The node:util module provides a powerful collection of helper functions used throughout Node.js core and extremely useful for application developers. These utilities support debugging, inspection, formatting, type checking, callback/Promise conversions, argument parsing, text encoding, MIME handling, and more. It is one of the most versatile and essential toolkits in the Node.js ecosystem.
The node:worker_threads module enables true multithreading in Node.js by running JavaScript in separate threads. While Node.js is traditionally single‑threaded, worker threads allow CPU‑intensive tasks to run in parallel without blocking the event loop. They support shared memory, zero‑copy transfers, worker pools, resource limits, and advanced synchronization APIs. Worker threads are ideal for heavy computation, data processing, and parallel workloads—while async I/O remains best handled by the main thread.
The node:v8 module exposes low-level APIs that interact directly with the V8 JavaScript engine embedded in Node.js. . These APIs provide access to heap statistics, heap snapshots, coverage tools, serialization mechanisms, V8 flags, object queries, and promise lifecycle hooks. The module is essential for performance analysis, memory debugging, tooling, and advanced Node.js internals work.
The node:vm module allows you to compile and execute JavaScript code inside isolated V8 contexts — essentially creating lightweight sandboxes within your Node.js application. These contexts have their own global scope and can run code independently from the main environment. However, vm is NOT a security sandbox. It is powerful for dynamic code execution, template engines, REPLs, plugin systems, and controlled module execution, but it must never be used to run untrusted code.
iRedMail is an open-source package for quickly deploying a full-featured mail server. It bundles Postfix, Dovecot, SpamAssassin, ClamAV, Roundcube, and administrative tools. Installation on Linux is straightforward but requires careful DNS and security configuration. This article explains step-by-step how to install version 1.7.4 on Ubuntu/Debian systems.
