Anaxagoras

1. Biography and Historical Context

• Born: c. 500 BCE in Clazomenae, Ionia (modern-day Turkey)
• Died: c. 428 BCE in Lampsacus
• Role: First philosopher to teach in Athens; mentor to Pericles
• Exile: Accused of impiety for claiming the Sun was a fiery stone

2. Pluralistic Theory of Nature

Unlike pre-Socratic thinkers who proposed singular or four-element models, Anaxagoras argued:

• Everything contains a portion of everything else
• All things are composed of infinitely divisible particles called spermata ("seeds")
• Visible differences arise from dominant concentrations of specific seeds

Illustrative Python Code:

substance = {"bone": 0.6, "fire": 0.2, "earth": 0.1, "water": 0.1}
dominant = max(substance, key=substance.get)
print(dominant)  # Output: 'bone'

3. Nous (Mind) as Cosmic Organizer

Anaxagoras introduced Nous as:

• A pure, intelligent, independent force
• The origin of motion and differentiation in the cosmic mixture
• A principle of organization—not a creator deity

Praised by Aristotle for originality, though later critiqued for limited application in his explanations.

4. Scientific Contributions

• Explained solar and lunar eclipses correctly
• Described the Moon as reflective and topologically varied
• Viewed the Sun as a mass of fiery metal larger than the Peloponnese
• Suggested early ideas akin to panspermia

5. Legacy and Influence

• Influenced Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
• Mentioned in Plato’s Apology and Phaedo
• Honored in Lampsacus with an altar to Mind and Truth
• Echoes seen in Goethe, Nietzsche, Nicholas of Cusa

Conclusion

Anaxagoras transformed cosmology by blending material diversity with abstract intelligence. His theory of Nous and infinite seeds laid foundations for metaphysics, natural science, and philosophical inquiry. Though controversial in his time, his vision still resonates as a bridge between science and metaphysics.