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Types of Computer Networks and Core Components

This article explores the different types of computer networks—PAN, LAN, MAN, and WAN—based on coverage and purpose. It explains how clients, servers, hosts, and nodes function within networks, and highlights the roles of switches and routers in communication. By the end, readers will understand both the classifications of networks and the essential components that make them operate effectively.

Computer NetworksClients and ServersHosts and Nodes

~3 دقیقه مطالعه • بروزرسانی ۲۲ آذر ۱۴۰۴

1. Types of Computer Networks


Designing and building a computer network is a fascinating process. At its core, a network requires at least two computers. The number of computers and how they access shared resources determines the categorization of network types. Networks are generally classified by coverage area and purpose.


Personal Area Network (PAN)


A PAN connects devices within a private area, typically belonging to an individual. For example, in a home office, a laptop, smartphone, printer, and headphones may connect via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. PANs are sometimes called Home Area Networks (HANs).


Local Area Network (LAN)


A LAN connects computers within a local area such as a room, floor, building, or adjacent buildings. LANs use networking media like twisted-pair, coaxial, or fiber optic cables. Extended LANs often use multiple switches to improve scalability and performance.


Comparing PANs and LANs: PANs are dominated by portable devices (smartphones), while LANs consist of fixed devices. A PAN is organized around an individual, whereas a LAN is organized around a site.


Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)


A MAN connects multiple LANs across a town or city. MANs provide broader coverage than LANs but less than WANs. They often use fiber optics and gigabit switches for high-speed interconnection.


Wide Area Network (WAN)


A WAN covers extensive geographic areas, using telecommunication lines such as leased lines, satellites, or telephone lines. The internet is the most common example of a WAN.


2. Understanding Computer Network Components


Just as PCs have components, networks consist of essential elements such as networking devices, media, and NOSs. IT professionals focus on these components to ensure efficient communication.


Clients and Servers


Clients initiate requests for resources, while servers deliver and manage access. For example, a server connected to a printer provides printing services to PCs acting as clients.


The term server originates from "serve," highlighting its role in providing services.


Hosts and Nodes


Hosts and nodes serve distinct purposes. All hosts are nodes, but not all nodes are hosts.


  • Host: Any device with an IP address actively requesting or providing services (e.g., clients, servers, routers).
  • Node: Any device capable of transmitting services but without an IP address (e.g., switches).

// Example of an IP address
192.168.0.10

Switches and Routers


Switches forward frames within a local network, ensuring efficient data transfer. Routers forward packets across different networks, enabling communication between separate segments or across the internet. Together, they form the backbone of network infrastructure.


3. Conclusion


Understanding PANs, LANs, MANs, and WANs provides a clear view of how networks are categorized. Recognizing the roles of clients, servers, hosts, nodes, switches, and routers equips IT professionals with the knowledge to design, manage, and troubleshoot networks effectively.


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